Publications

Here is a selection of our publications by type.

Water Research Laboratory
  • Ruprecht, JE, Glamore, WC and Harrison, AJ (2024) “Big Swamp rehabilitation project - Annual Monitoring report”, WRL Technical Report 2017/05.

    Ruprecht, JE, Glamore, WC, Harrison, AJ and Chan, JW (2024) “Big Swamp wetland: Monitoring review”, WRL Technical Report 2017/22.

  • Blacka, MJ, Flocard, F and Carley, JT (2023) “Pipe Clay Lagoon coastal hazards adaptation plan”, WRL Technical Report 2022/13.

    Carley, JT, Coghlan, IR, Chaaya, FC and Harley, MD (2023) “Design development for embankment protection options for Saltwater Point NSW”, WRL Technical Report 2023/03.

    Chaaya, FC and Miller BM (2023) “Pindari Dam - Mitigating cold water pollution through artificial destratification”, WRL Technical Report 2022/04. 

    Chaaya, FC and Miller, BM (2023) “Pindari Dam cold water pollution mitigation through artificial destratification - Monitoring network recommendations”, WRL Technical Report 2022/19.

    Chan, JW, Blanchard, L and Flocard, F (2023) “Te Ara Tupua physical modelling – PAA Stage”, WRL Technical Report 2022/29.

    Chan, JW and Flocard, F (2023) “Port of Townsville CU bund wall 2D physical modelling”, WRL Technical Report 2023/15.

    Coghlan, IR and Carley, JT (2023) “Coastal engineering scoping study for a tidal swimming facility: Port River, Adelaide”, WRL Technical Report 2022/15.

    Coghlan, IR, Tucker, TA and Rayner, DS (2023) “Lake Illawarra entrance channel: preliminary management options assessment”, WRL Technical Report 2022/23.

    Doherty, Y, Carley, JT, Miller BM and Drummond, CD (2023) “Merimbula Lake entrance sediment study”, WRL Technical Report 2022/27.

    Flocard, F and Carley JT (2023) “Roches Beach coastal hazards adaptation plan”, WRL Technical Report 2022/14.

    Flocard, F and Chaaya, FC (2023) “Western Australia Mardie salt ponds 2D modelling”, WRL Technical Report 2022/02. 

    Gilbert, DM, Miller, BM and Ruprecht, JE (2023) “Hunter River water quality modelling - Baiada Beresfield trade waste discharge”, WRL Technical Report 2023/29.

    Gilbert, DM, Ruprecht, JE, Chan, JW and Miller, BM (2023) “Seaham Weir Pool water quality model scoping study”, WRL Technical Report 2022/28.

    Glamore, WC and Deiber, MD (2023) “Hunter River estuary water quality model - Hydrodynamic calibration validation”, WRL Technical Report 2017/20.

    Glamore, WC, Rayner, DS, Tucker, TA, Ruprecht, JE, Deiber, MD, Howe, D, Harrison, AJ, Johnston, E, Birrer, S, Wemheuer, F, Dafforn, KA, Hitchcock, J, Facey, J, Westhorpe, D and Mitrovic, S (2023) “Hunter River estuary water quality model - data collection”, WRL Technical Report 2017/03.

    Harrison, AJ, Cairns, J, Mason, M, Rayner, DS and Glamore, WC (2023) “Upland peat swamps of the Woronora Plateau – hydrological monitoring and water balance modelling”, WRL Technical Report 2021/25.

    Harrison, AJ, Hendersen, B and Glamore, WC (2023) “Key fish habitat offsets: An ecosystem services approach”, WRL Technical Report 2021/16.

    Harrison, AJ and Rayner, DS (2023) “Tuckean Swamp wetland remediation: Cost benefit analysis”, WRL Technical Report 2022/05.

    Miller, BM and Chaaya, FC (2023) “Devonport rock bag revetment stability - prop wash physical modelling”, WRL Technical Report 2023/04.

    Modra, BD and Gilbert, DM (2023) “Townsville Eastern Breakwater Q3D physical modelling”, WRL Technical Report 2023/07.

    Modra, BD, Lumiatti, G, Montano, L and Chan, JW (2023) “Somerset Dam physical hydraulic model - Dissipator options”, WRL Technical Report 2022/06.

    Modra, BD, Lumiatti, G, Montano, L and Gilbert, DM (2023) “Somerset Dam physical hydraulic model - configuration C7 testing”, WRL Technical Report 2022/16.

    Modra, BD, Montano, L and Gilbert, DM (2023) “Somerset Dam Physical Hydraulic Model - Instrumented Runs C8”, WRL Technical Report 2022/21.

    Modra, BD, Montano, L and Gilbert, DM (2023) “Somerset Dam physical hydraulic model - Instrumented runs C1A”, WRL Technical Report 2023/02.

    Modra, BD, Montano, L, Chan, JW and Chaaya, FC (2023) “Somerset Dam reference design - Physical hydraulic model instrumented runs PBC and C1”, WRL Technical Report 2021/10.

    Montano, L, Chaaya FC and Tucker, TA (2023) “Hydrological assessment and remediation options of Werri Lagoon”, WRL Technical Report 2023/01.

    Montano, L, Miller, BM and Harrison, AJ (2023) “Methodology to estimate ecological impacts of flow alterations due to constructions of water regulating infrastructure”, WRL Technical Report 2022/24.

    Rayner, DS and Harrison, AJ (2023) “Assessment of sewage overflows on oyster leases in the lower Hastings River estuary”, WRL Technical Report 2022/26.

    Tucker, TA (2023) “Woodberry Swamp access track upgrade hydrological assessment”, WRL Technical Report 2023/13.

    Tucker, TA (2023) “Review of Campvale Wetland deoxygenation processes”, WRL Technical Report 2022/17.

    Tucker, TA and Chan JW (2023) “Woodberry Swamp drainage review”, WRL Technical Report 2022/08.

    Tucker, TA and Coghlan, IR (2023) “Assessment of geomorphic changes, hydraulics and potential foreshore stabilisation options at Windang, Lake Illawarra”, WRL Technical Report 2023/08.

    Tucker, TA, Coghlan, IR and Harrison, AJ (2023) “Lake Illawarra entrance channel: data compilation”, WRL Technical Report 2022/25.

    Tucker, TA and Gilbert, DM (2023) “Everlasting Swamp hydrodynamic sea level rise assessment”, WRL Technical Report 2023/17.

    Tucker, TA and Gilbert, DM (2023) “Muddy Lake conceptual understanding and tidal flushing assessment”, WRL Technical Report 2023/10.

    Tucker, TA and Henderson, B (2023) “Blue carbon feasibility assessment: Pelican Bay Road”, WRL Technical Report 2022/18.

    Tucker, TA, Rayner, DS and Harrison, AJ (2023) “Manly Lagoon: Review of environmental processes”, WRL Technical Report 2021/23.

  • Chaaya, FC and Miller, BM (2022) “A review of artificial destratification techniques for cold water pollution mitigation”, WRL Technical Report 2021/17.

    Deiber, M, Flocard, F and Blacka, MJ (2022) “Te Ara Tapua physical modelling - Preliminary design”, WRL Technical Report 2021/20.

    Flocard, F and Carley, JT (2022) “Scoping study for coastal hazards and management strategy for Roches Beach, Tasmania”, WRL Technical Report 2021/18.

    Glamore, WC, Mason, M and Flocard, F (2022) “Independent review into the design and use of synthetic turf in public spaces”, WRL Technical Report 2022/12.

  • Blacka, MJ, and Deiber, M (2021) "Nanumaga wave-driven inundation assessment, Tuvalu: Physical modelling report", WRL Technical Report 2021/19.

    Rayner, DS (2021) "Crookhaven River floodgate tidal flushing assessment", WRL Technical Report 2020/19.

    Tucker, TA, Coghlan, IR, Carley, JT and Miller BM (2018) “Narrabeen Lagoon entrance clearance operation design”, WRL Technical Report 2018/16.

    Tucker, TA and Rayner, DS (2021) “East Kinchela (Swan Pool) remediation feasibility study”, WRL Technical Report 2021/21.

  • Drummond, CD, Carley, JT, Vos, K and Lanceman, D (2020) "Blacksmiths Beach surf amenity assessment", WRL Technical Report 2020/14.

    Montano, L and Miller, BM (2020) "Hydraulic performance testing of a concrete mattress", WRL Technical Report 2020/40.

  • Blacka, MJ, Drummond, CD, Rahman, PF and Miller, BM (2019) "Hydrodynamic investigation of Muri and Avana Harbour, Rarotonga, Cook Islands", WRL Technical Report 2018/21.

    Glamore, WC, Ruprecht, JE, Harrison, AJ, Tucker, TA, Rayner, DS and Smith, AN (2019) "Everlasting Swamp hydrodynamic modelling study", WRL Technical Report 2017/02.

    Harrison, AJ, Glamore, WC and Costanza, R (2019) "Cost benefit analysis of Big Swamp restoration project", WRL Technical Report 2019/19.

    Howe, D and Coghlan, IR (2019) "Wave forces on seawall walkway Darwin luxury hotel", WRL Technical Report 2019/35.

    Howe, D, Coghlan, IR and Glamore, WC (2019) "Preliminary testing of oyster clumps", WRL Technical Report 2019/08.

  • Coghlan, IR and Lumiatti, G (2018) “Coastal engineering assessment for trial oyster shell filled bag structures: Port River, Adelaide”, WRL Technical Report 2018/29.

    Flocard, F, Howe, D and Drummond, CD (2018) “Clump Point detached breakwater 2D testing”, WRL Technical Report 2017/17.

  • Anderson, DJ (2017) “Groundwater and climate change”, WRL Technical Report 2017/04.

    Blacka, MJ, Howe, D and Coghlan, IR (2017) “Affordable coastal protection project: Physical modelling of concrete masonry blocks and geotextile sand containers”, WRL Technical Report 2016/24.

    Coghlan, IR, Carley, JT Harrison, AJ, Howe, D, Ruprecht, JE, Short, AD, Flocard, F and Rahman, P (2017) “Eurobodalla coastal hazard assessment”, WRL Technical Report 2017/09.

    Drummond, CD, Blacka, MJ and Tucker, TA (2017) “Palm Beach shoreline project, large basin modelling”, WRL Technical Report 2017/16.

    Drummond, CD, Modra, B and Blacka, MJ (2017) “Coastal imaging and shoreline analysis report: Palm Beach and Northern Gold Coast Beaches, March – August 2015”, WRL Technical Report 2015/21.

    Glamore, WC, Deiber, MD, Rahman, PF, Howe, D and Dafforn, KA (2017) “Hunter River estuary tidal dynamic assessment”, WRL Technical Report 2017/01.

    Glamore, WC and Rayner, DS (2017) “Collombatti-Clybucca floodplain remediation feasibility study”, WRL Technical Report 2015/01.

    Harrison, AJ, Carley, JT and Coghlan, IR (2017) “Roches Beach coastal hazard lines reassessment”, WRL Technical Report 2017/19.

    Smith, GP, Modra, BD, Tucker, TA and Cox, RJ (2017) "Vehicle stability testing for flood flows", WRL Technical Report 2017/07.

  • Anderson, DJ, Smith, GP, Drummond, CD and Deiber, MD (2016) “Green Square trunk drain physical modelling”, WRL Technical Report 2015/16.

    Blacka, MJ and Coghlan, IR (2016) “Caseys Beach North Seawall condition assessment and design advice”, WRL Technical Report 2016/10.

    Blacka, MJ and Davey, EK (2016) “Coastal imaging and shoreline analysis report: Palm Beach and Northern Gold Coast Beaches September 2014 to February 2015”, WRL Technical Report 2015/12.

    Carley, JT, Coghlan, IR, Drummond, CD, Dean-Jones, P and Anning, D (2016) “Coastal hazard management study - Byron Bay embayment”, WRL Technical Report 2013/28.

    Coghlan, IR, Howe, D and Glamore, WC (2016) "Preliminary testing of oyster shell filled bags", WRL Technical Report 2015/20.

    Drummond, CD and Cullen, JG (2016) “UAV surveying of Wyong coastline - November 2015”, WRL Technical Report 2016/04.

    Drummond, CD and Harrison, AJ (2016) “UAV surveying of Wyong coastline - June 2016”, WRL Technical Report 2016/14.

    Glamore, WC, Coghlan, IR and Ruprecht, JE (2016) “2015 Riverbank vulnerability assessment using a decision support system: Seaham Weir Pool and Lower Williams River”, WRL Technical Report 2015/02.

    Glamore, WC, Ruprecht, JE, Harrison, AJ and Drummond, CD (2016) “One Tree Reach Wetland remediation option assessment”, WRL Technical Report 2016/09.

    Glamore, WC, Ruprecht, JE and Rayner, DS (2016) “Lower Manning River drainage remediation action plan”, WRL Technical Report 2016/01.

    Rayner, DS, Glamore, WC and Ruprecht, JE (2016) “Woodberry Swamp hydrologic study”, WRL Technical Report 2016/03.

    Rayner, DS, Ruprecht, JE and Glamore, WC (2016) “Teal Lagoon hydraulic investigation”, WRL Technical Report 2016/11.

    Smith, GP and Rahman, PF (2016) “Approaches for estimating flood fatalities relevant to floodplain management”, WRL Technical Report 2015/09.

  • Blacka, MJ, Mariani, A and Carley, JT (2015) “North Wonboyn NSW foreshore protection study”, WRL Technical Report 2013/29.

    Flocard, F (2015) “3D Physical modelling of Coffs Harbour Northern Breakwater upgrade”, WRL Technical Report 2015/05.

    Glamore, WC, Ruprecht, JE and Rahman, PF (2015) “Jersey Avenue wetland investigation”, WRL Technical Report 2015/06.

    Glamore, WC, Ruprecht, JE and Rayner, DS (2015) “Management options for improving flows of the Shoalhaven River at Shoalhaven Heads”, WRL Technical Report 2015/19.

    Miller, BM and Rayner, DS (2015) "Astrolabe Park gross pollutant trap - physical model testing", WRL Technical Report 2015/18.

    Smith, GP (2015) “Expert Opinion: Stability of people, vehicles and buildings in flood water”, WRL Technical Report 2015/11.

  • Blacka, MJ, Flocard, F, Rahman, PF, Rayner, DS and Parakoti, B (2013) “Coastal adaptation needs for extreme events and climate change, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands project stage 3: Coastal engineering vulnerability assessment”, WRL Technical Report 2013/13.

    Glamore, WC, Coghlan, IR and Ruprecht, JE (2014) “Riverbank vulnerability assessment of a decision support system: Lower Hawkesbury River (Wisemans Ferry to Spencer)”, WRL Technical Report 2014/04.

    Glamore, WC, Coghlan, IR, Ruprecht, JE and Drummond, CD (2014) “Riverbank vulnerability assessment using a decision support system: Clarence River (Rogans Bridge to Ulmarra)”, WRL Technical Report 2014/12.

    Smith, GP, Davey, EK and Cox, RJ (2014) “Flood hazard”, WRL Technical Report 2014/07.

  • Blacka, MJ, Flocard, F and Parakoti, B (2013) “Coastal adaptation needs for extreme events and climate change, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands project stage 1: Scoping and collation of existing data”, WRL Technical Report 2013/11.

    Blacka, MJ, Rayner, DS and Parakoti, B (2013) “Coastal adaptation needs for extreme events and climate change, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands project stage 2: Topographic and bathymetric survey data collection”, WRL Technical Report 2013/12.

    Blacka, MJ, Shand, TD, Carley, JT and Mariani, A (2013) "A review of artificial reefs for coastal protection in NSW", WRL Technical Report 2012/08.

    Coghlan, IR and Drummond, CD (2013) “Caseys Beach seawall design”, WRL Technical Report 2013/04. 

    Drummond, CD, Mariani, A and Carley, JT (2013) “Trial groyne design at Bambra Reef Roches Beach Tasmania”, WRL Technical Report 2013/20.

    Mariani, A, Drummond, CD and Blacka, MJ (2013) “Wyndham Harbour physical modelling”, WRL Technical Report 2013/01.

    Rayner, DS, Glamore, WC and Ruprecht, JE (2013) “Gumma Gumma Swamp hydrologic investigation”, WRL Technical Report 2013/03.

    Smith, GP and Wasko, CD (2013) “Australian Rainfall and Runoff Revision Project 15: Two dimensional modelling in urban and rural floodplains - Representation of buildings in 2D numerical flood models”, WRL Technical Report 2013/22.

  • Cox, RX, Kingsford, RT, Suthers, I and Felder, S (2023) “Fish Injury from Movements across Hydraulic Structures: A Review”, Water, 15(10):1888. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101888

    Cui, H, Felder, S and Kramer, M (2023) “Predicting flow resistance in open-channel flows with submerged vegetation”, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 23, 757–778. 

    Dunlop, T, Glamore, W and Felder, S (2023) “Restoring estuarine ecosystems using nature-based solutions: Towards an integrated eco-engineering design guideline”, Science of the Total Environment, 873, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162362

    El-Sharnouby, O, Boparai HK and O’Carroll, DM (2023) “Catalytic dechlorination of 1,2-DCA in nano Cu0-borohydride system: effects of Cu0/Cun+ ratio, surface poisoning, and regeneration of Cu0 sites”, Scientific Reports, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38678-6.

    Farzadkhoo, M, Kingsford, RT, Suthers, IM and Felder, S (2023) “Flow hydrodynamics drive effective fish attraction behaviour into slotted fishway entrances”, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 35 (4), 782-802. 

    Felder, S, Severi, A and Kramer, M (2023) “Self-aeration and flow resistance in high-velocity flows down spillways with microrough inverts”, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 149(6), 04023011.

    Gao, Y, Le, ST, Kibbey, TCG, Glamore, W and O'Carroll, DM (2023) “A fundamental model for calculating interfacial adsorption of complex ionic and nonionic PFAS mixtures in the presence of mixed salts”, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, DOI: 10.1039/D2EM00466F.

    Higgins, PA, Palmer, JG, Andersen, MS, Turney, CSM and Johnson, F (2023) “Extreme events in the multi-proxy South Pacific drought atlas”, Climatic Change, 176, 105, DOI: 10.1007/s10584-023-03585-2.

    Higgins, PA, Palmer, JG, Andersen, MS, Turney, CSM, Johnson, F, Allen, K, Verdon-Kidd, D and Cook, ER (2023) “Examining Past and Projecting Future: An 800-Year Streamflow Reconstruction of the Australian Murray River”, Environmental Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acf8d9.

    Ibaceta, R, Harley, MD, Turner, IL and Splinter, KD (2023) “Interannual variability in dominant shoreline behaviour at an embayed beach”, Geomorphology 433, 108706 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108706.

    Khojasteh, D, Felder, S, Heimhuber, V and Glamore, W (2023) “A global assessment of estuarine tidal response to sea level rise”, Science of the Total Environment, 894, 165011.

    Khojasteh, D, Haghani, M, Nicholls, RJ, Moftakhari, H, Sadat-Noori, M, Mach, KJ, Fagherazzi, S, Vafeidis, AT, Barbier, E, Shamsipour, A and Glamore, W (2023) “The evolving landscape of sea-level rise science from 1990 to 2021”, Communications earth & environment, 4(1), p.257.

    Khojasteh, D, Shamsipour, A, Huang, L, Tavakoli, S, Haghani, M, Flocard, F, Farzadkhoo, M, Iglesias, G, Hemer, M, Lewis, M, Neill, S, Bernitsas, M and Glamore, W (2023) “A large-scale review of wave and tidal energy research over the last 20 years”, Ocean Engineering, 282, 114995. 

    Khojasteh, D, Vibhani, T, Shafiei, H, Glamore, W and Felder, S (2023) “Application of Idealised Modelling and Data Analysis for Assessing the Compounding Effects of Sea Level Rise and Altered Riverine Inflows on Estuarine Tidal Dynamics”, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(4), 815. 

    Martins, K, Bonneton, P, de Viron, O, Turner, IL, Harley, MD and Splinter, KD (2023) “New Perspectives for Nonlinear Depth-Inversion of the Nearshore Using Boussinesq Theory”, http://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100498

    Mirabediny, M, Yu, TT, Sun, J, Lee, M, O'Carroll, DM, Manefield, MJ, Åkermark, B, Das, B and Kumar, N (2023) “Fast reductive defluorination of branched perfluorooctane sulfonic acids by cobalt phthalocyanine: Electrochemical studies and mechanistic insights”, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, DOI: 10.1039/D3EW00612C.

    O’Carroll, DM, Eloisa Sia, M, Staniec, M, Voogt, JA, Lundholm, JT, Smart, CC and Robinson, CE (2023) “Influence of vegetation type and climatological conditions on evapotranspiration from extensive green roofs”, Journal of Hydrology, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022. 128951.

    Partington, D, Shanafield, M, Banks, EW, Andersen, MS, Rau, GC, Felder, S and Simmons, CT (2023) “Where the flow goes: Partitioning surface flow and streambed infiltration in an ephemeral river laboratory experiment”, Journal of Hydrology, doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130159.

    Peirson, WL, Cox, RJ and Bishop, KA (2023) “Climate Change and Estuaries”, Chapter 31 Climate Change Adaptation of Engineering Infrastructure in Estuarine Environments.

    Rakhimbekova, S, Power, C, O'Carroll, D and Robinson, C (2023) “Potential for Shoreline Recession to Accelerate Discharge of Groundwater Pollutants to Coastal Waters”, Water Resources Research, 59, 10.1029/2022WR034230.

    Sharifazari, S, Palmer, JG, Higgins, PA, Rao, MP, Johnson, F, Turney, CSM, Martín-Benito, D and Andersen, MS (2023) “500-year reconstruction of Dez River discharge in southwestern Iran from tree rings”, Journal of Hydrology, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129895.

    Spencer, T, Adams, J, Le Tissier, M, Murray, AB and Splinter, KD (2023) “Coastal futures: New framings, many questions, some ways forward”, Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures, 1:e32. doi:10.1017/cft.2023.22.

    Talebi, A, Sleep, BE and O’Carroll, DM (2023) “Model Validation and Sensitivity Analysis of Coupled Non-equilibrium Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media with Application to Evaporation from Bare Soils”, Water Resources Research, DOI: 10.1029/2023WR035573.

    Tartandyo, RA, Ginting, BM and Zulfan, J (2023) “Scale Effects Investigation in Physical Modeling of Recirculating Shallow Flow Using Large Eddy Simulation Technique”, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 17(1), 43-59. doi: 10.47176/jafm.17.1.1980.

    Vitousek, S, Vos, K, Splinter, KD, Erikson, L and Barnard, PL (2023) “A model integrating satellite-derived shoreline observations for predicting fine-scale shoreline response to waves and sea-level rise across large coastal regions”, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 128, e2022JF006936. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JF006936.

    Vos, K, Harley, MD, Turner, IL and Splinter, KD (2023) “Pacific shoreline erosion and accretion patterns controlled by El Niño/Southern Oscillation”, Nature Geoscience, 16 (140-146), https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-01117-8.

    Vos, K, Splinter, KD, Palomar-Vázquez, J, et al. (2023) “Benchmarking satellite-derived shoreline mapping algorithms”, Nature Communications Earth and Environment 4, 345, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01001-2.

    Waddington, K, Harrison, A, Rayner, D, Tucker, T and Glamore, W (2023) “Upscaling the remediation of acidic landscapes – the coastal floodplain prioritisation method”, Journal of Environmental Management, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119260.

    Waddington, K, Harrison, A, Rayner, D, Tucker, T and Glamore, W (2023) “Estuarine hypoxia – identifying high risk catchments now and under future climate scenarios”, Water Resources Research, 59. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR035026.

Mariani, A, Shand, TD, Carley, JT, Goodwin, ID, Splinter, K, Davey, EK, Flocard, F and Turner, IL (2012) "Generic Design Coastal Erosion Volumes and Setbacks for Australia", Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC.