For most people, long COVID means not getting better after a COVID infection. So how has long COVID changed throughout the pandemic, and how likely are you to get it with this infection?
EG.5 or the Eris COVID variant is dominant in parts of Australia, opens in a new window. Eris, along with other circulating strains, are descendants of Omicron.
While these strains appear less severe than the original Alpha and Delta variants, the risk of long COVID remains.
So what does the latest data say about the chance of long COVID? What symptoms should you look out for? And what can be done to support people with long COVID?
For most people, long COVID means not getting better after a COVID infection.
The World Health Organization defines long COVID, opens in a new window as continuing or new symptoms at least three months from the start of a COVID infection that last at least two months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis.
The most common symptoms, opens in a new window include fatigue, brain fog, breathlessness, headaches and abdominal pain. But people with long COVID can experience a wide range of problems including cardiovascular issues, mental health problems such as depression and anxiety, insomnia, muscle and joint pain, and gastrointestinal problems.
Australian data on long COVID remains limited, opens in a new window compared to international data, opens in a new window, and estimates of its prevalence have varied. A report from Australia’s parliamentary inquiry into long COVID, published in April, opens in a new window, suggested 2%-20% of people may develop long COVID following an infection.
A recent Australian study conducted when vaccines were widely available indicates earlier Omicron variants saw 10% of people, opens in a new window who caught COVID develop long COVID.
Another recent study, yet to be peer-reviewed, found 18.2%, opens in a new window of those infected went on to have long COVID. The wide-ranging estimates are likely to be because of different COVID variants, differences in vaccination, and different long COVID definitions and assessment methods.
The risk is lower in children. One Australian study indicated persistent symptoms in 8% of children, opens in a new window who had COVID in 2020, while preliminary research, opens in a new window points to a slightly lower risk among children infected in 2021.
But more research is needed, especially as the virus continues to evolve. This can be complicated because typical long COVID symptoms are common to many other health problems. As in other countries, more research is now underway in Australia, opens in a new window to determine the accurate prevalence of the condition using a definition and methods that carefully exclude other causes.
Although research on long COVID risk factors with new variants is ongoing, we expect being female, having more severe initial disease and having other health conditions will increase a person’s chance, opens in a new window of getting long COVID.
Research shows COVID vaccines offer protection, opens in a new window against long COVID. As well as vaccinations, immunity from previous COVID infections and antiviral treatments are contributing to less severe COVID and potentially less long COVID, opens in a new window than we saw earlier in the pandemic.
But while the Omicron waves may lead to fewer cases of long COVID, opens in a new window than the earlier Alpha and Delta variants, because so many Australians are contracting COVID, this will still result in a large number of people with long COVID. And each repeat infection, opens in a new window presents a new risk of prolonged symptoms.
Long COVID can impact, opens in a new window a person’s life in many ways. Fatigue following exertion, brain fog and other symptoms can reduce capacity to perform tasks such as concentrating at a computer, manual labour, and even normal household tasks.
Many people with long COVID submitted evidence to the recent parliamentary inquiry, opens in a new window that they were unsupported, stigmatised, isolated, and not taken seriously by health professionals.
Evidence suggests many symptoms will improve, opens in a new window in most people over 12 to 18 months, opens in a new window, although recovery time can differ between symptoms. Some, including gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, tend to resolve sooner than others, opens in a new window, such as cognitive symptoms.
Long COVID is the kind of challenge Australia’s health system finds most difficult, opens in a new window. GPs are stretched and the small number of specialist long COVID clinics, opens in a new window are struggling to maintain funding.
Australia has trailed behind the US, the UK and Europe in rolling out care for long COVID, and in collecting data on the condition.
As a result, support for long COVID in Australia is hard to access, opens in a new window, expensive and patchy.
However, there is consensus on what constitutes good care. Clinicians seeing patients with possible long COVID should:
validate the person’s experience of symptoms and the impact their symptoms are having on their functioning, particularly when the cause is not clear
diagnose and treat any other health conditions that are part of the picture
support people to minimise the impairment their symptoms cause by pacing of physical and cognitive activities. Importantly, this doesn’t involve pushing through fatigue.
These steps are not a cure but they may improve a person’s ability to function in their day-to-day life, at work and to fulfil their caring responsibilities.
The best way to prevent long COVID is to avoid contracting – and spreading – COVID. This means:
getting vaccinated or boosted, if you’re eligible
staying home if you feel unwell
wearing a mask to protect yourself and vulnerable community members
testing for COVID if you have symptoms and if you test positive, taking antivirals (if eligible) and isolating until your symptoms resolve.
Long COVID is not going away, but we all have a role to play in preventing and responding to it.
Ruby Biezen from the APPRISE Network and the University of Melbourne and Andrew Lloyd from the Kirby Institute at UNSW contributed to this article.
Andrew Baillie, opens in a new window, Professor of Allied Health, University of Sydney, opens in a new window; Amelia Gulliver, opens in a new window, Senior Research Fellow, ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, opens in a new window; Lena Sanci, opens in a new window, Professor, Department of General Practice and Primary Care, The University of Melbourne, opens in a new window; Lucette Cysique, opens in a new window, Senior Research Fellow, Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, opens in a new window, and Philip Britton, opens in a new window, Associate Professor, Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, opens in a new window
This article is republished from The Conversation, opens in a new window under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article, opens in a new window.